In deep street canyons the primary vortex does not extend to the ground but a weak contra rotating vortex is formed near the ground and is relatively shallow ( Figure 3). Hosker (1985) showed that flows in street canyon are like recirculating eddy driven by the wind flow at the top with a shear layer which separates the above canyon flows from those within it. Pollutant dispersion of vehicular pollution is at street scale and is the smallest scale in urban environment. Maximum exposure to local public is from this source and thus they form important receptor group. Vehicles are one of the important pollution sources in urban areas. Meteorology applied to urban pollution problems-Final report COST Action 715. This is set in the context of the planetary boundary layer, PBL, the urban canopy layer, UCL, and the sky view factor, SVF, a measure of the degree to which the sky is obscured by surrounding buildings at a given point which characterises the geometry of the urban canopy. Schematic diagram showing processes, flow and scale lengths within an urban boundary layer, UBL. The main objectives of models are: to integrate observations, to predict the response of the system to the future changes, to make provision for future development without compromising with quality They generate information that can be used in the decision making process. Prerecording the natural environment immediately outside the urban area.Īir quality modelling provides a useful support to decision making processes incorporating environmental policies and management process. Improving and maintaining the quality of the urban environment and Managing spatial extension while minimizing infrastructure costs, Promotion of efficient provision of urban infrastructure and allocation of land use, thereby contributing to economic growth, UNEP (2005) has identified niche areas Urban planning need to primarily focus on as: New legislations, public awareness, growth of urban areas, increases in power consumption and traffic pose continuous challenges to urban air quality management. In order to ensure clean air in urban settlements urban planning and urban air quality management play an important role. The old cities have higher population density, narrow lanes and fortified structures. The dispersion and distribution of air pollutants and thus the major factor affecting urban air quality are geographical setting, climatological and meteorological factors, city planning and design and human activities.Ĭities in the developing countries are characterized by old city and new development. The shape of a city and the land use distribution determine the location of emission sources and the pattern of urban traffic, affecting urban air quality (World Bank Reports 2002). All these activities contribute to air pollution. It brings in its wake number of challenges like increase in population of urban settlement, high population density, increase in industrial activities (medium and small scale within the urban limits and large scale in the vicinity), high rise buildings and increased vehicular movement. Urbanization is the integral part of economic development. Urbanization is a process of relative growth in a country’s urban population accompanied by an even faster increase in the economic, political, and cultural importance of cities relative to rural areas. Air quality not only affects human health but also components of environment such as water, soil, and forests, which are the vital resources for human development. Researchconclusionsare: the use of creditcards havesignificant effect on compulsive buying, the use ofcreditcards have no significant effect on default risk andcompulsive buyingsignificantly influence to default risk.All life form on this planet depends on clean air. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis and inferential statistical approach using SEM Approach. By using the method of sampling purpose, the respondents of this study is the user's credit card Bank X in Surabaya, and the number of samples are 120 respondents. Variables consisted of: the use of credit cards (independent variable), compulsive buying, and default risk (dependent variable). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of credit card use and compulsive buying against default risk.
Anincrease of NPLhave been caused by the use of credit cards and compulsive buying. Realization of Non-Performing Loans (NPL) credit cards in the period 2007 to 2010 has experienced a rising trend. Use of creditcards, compulsive buying, default risk Abstract